I am new to Docker, and trying to go through this tutorial setting up MemSQL from a Docker image -. I am on a Mac, and the tutorial uses boot2docker which seems to have been deprecated. The VM needs 4GB memory to run.
The tutorial specifies how to do this with boot2docker but I cannot find a way to do this with the docker-machine/docker toolbox. Here is the command I am using and the error I am getting just trying to go through the tutorial without altering the boot2docker config. Docker run -rm -net=host memsql/quickstart check-system Error: MemSQL requires at least 4 GB of memory to run.
The Edge install of Docker CE for Windows/Mac includes a basic Kubernetes engine. We can leverage it to install a local Rancher Server. In the Advanced section increase Memory to at least 4096 MB. You may want to increase the number of CPUs assigned and the Disk image max size while you’re at it.
Introduction This reference architecture will help you plan large-scale Docker Enterprise Edition deployments. It covers both the core Docker EE platform, Universal Control Plane, and Docker Trusted Registry. Use this guide to help size hardware and infrastructure for your Docker EE deployments and to determine optimal configuration for your specific workloads. What You Will Learn For Docker EE, Universal Control Plane, and Docker Trusted Registry, the guide covers:. What use case parameters are likely to drive scale requirements. Known scale limits based on real-world tests. Best practices to ensure good performance and future headroom for growth Docker EE and Docker Universal Control Plane This section covers configuration of the base Docker EE platform and Universal Control Plane for optimal performance and growth potential.
Number of Managers The recommended number of managers for a production cluster is 3 or 5. A 3-manager cluster can tolerate the loss of one manager, and a 5-manager cluster can tolerate two instantaneous manager failures. Clusters with more managers can tolerate more manager failures, but adding more managers also increases the overhead of maintaining and committing cluster state in the Docker Swarm Raft quorum. In some circumstances, clusters with more managers (for example 5 or 7) may be slower (in terms of cluster-update latency and throughput) than a cluster with 3 managers and otherwise similar specs.
In general, increasing the manager count does not make cluster operations faster (it may make them slower in some circumstances), does not increase the max cluster update operation throughput, and does not increase the total number of worker nodes that the cluster can manage. Even when managers are down and there's no quorum, services and tasks on the cluster keep running and are steady-state stable (although updating cluster state is not possible without quorum). For that reason, Docker recommends investing in quickly recovering from individual manager failures (e.g. Automation/scripts for quickly adding replacement managers) rather than planning clusters with a large number of managers. 1-manager clusters should only be used for testing and experimentation since loss of the manager will cause cluster loss. Check out the docs for. Manager Size and Type Managers in a production cluster should ideally have at least 16GB of RAM and 4 vCPUs.
Testing done by Docker has shown that managers with 16GB RAM are not memory constrained, even in clusters with 100s of workers and many services, networks, and other metadata. Managers in production clusters should always use SSDs for the /var/lib/docker/swarm mount point. Docker stores swarm cluster state in this directory and will read and write many small updates as cluster state is updated.
SSDs ensure that updates can be committed with minimal latency. SSDs are also recommended for clusters used for test and experimentation to ensure good performance.
Increasing CPU speed and count and improving network latency between manager nodes will also improve cluster performance. Worker Nodes Size and Count For worker nodes, the overhead of Docker components and agents is not large — typically less than 1GB of memory. Deciding worker size and count can be done similar to how you currently size app or VM environments.
For example, you can determine the app memory working set under load and factor in how many replicas you want for each app (for durability in case of task failure and/or for throughput). That will give you an idea of the total memory required across workers in the cluster. Remember that Docker Swarm automatically reschedules tasks in case of worker node failure (or if you drain a node for upgrade or servicing), so don't forget to leave headroom to handle tasks being rebalanced to other nodes. Also remember that, unlike virtual machines, Docker containers add little or no memory or CPU overhead compared to running an app outside of a container. If you're moving apps from individual VMs into containers, or if you're consolidating many apps into a Docker EE cluster, you should be able to do so with less resources than what's currently used.
Segmenting Tasks and Limiting Resource Use On production clusters, never run workloads on manager nodes. This is a in Docker Universal Control Plane (UCP). If the tasks and services deployed on your cluster have very different resource profiles and if you want to use different node types for different tasks (for example with different disk, memory, or CPU characteristics) you can use to control where Swarm schedules tasks for a particular service. You can also.
This is useful for isolating tasks managed by teams or individuals that are prone to deploying apps that consume many resources or exhibit other noisy neighbor characteristics that negatively affect tasks run by other teams. See the for examples of how to structure teams and projects with Docker Enterprise Edition. Resource Constraints Docker EE has support for applying resource limits to containers and service tasks. Docker recommends using the -reserve-memory= and -limit-memory= parameters when creating services. These let Docker EE better pack tasks on worker nodes based on expected memory consumption. Further, it might be a good idea to allocate a global (1 instance per node) 'ghost' service that reserves a chunk (for example 2GB) of memory on each node that can be used by non-Docker system services. This is relevant because Docker Swarm does not currently account for worker node memory consumed by workloads not managed by Docker: docker service create -name system-reservation -reserve-memory 2G -limit-memory 2G -reserve-cpu 1 -mode global nginx:latest ( nginx does not actually do any work in this service.
Any small image that does not consume a lot of memory or CPU can be used instead of nginx). Check out the docs on. Disk Space For production clusters, there are few factors that drive worker disk space use that you should look out for:. In-use Docker container images on worker nodes. Local Docker volumes created for containers. Container logs stored on worker nodes. Docker Engine logs stored on worker nodes.
Temporary scratch data written by containers Container Images on Worker Nodes To determine how much space to allocate for in-use images, try putting some of your apps in containers and see how big the resulting images are. Note that Docker images consist of layers, and if the same layer is used by multiple containers (as is common of OS layers like ubuntu or language framework layers like openjdk), only one copy of that layer is stored and used on any given node or Docker Trusted Registry.
Layer sharing also means that deploying a new version of your app typically only consumes a relatively small amount of extra space on nodes (since only the top layers that hold your app are changed). Note that Docker Windows container images often end up being somewhat larger than Linux ones. To keep in-use container image storage in check, try to ensure that app images derive from common base images. Also consider running regular scripts or cron-jobs to prune unused images, especially if nodes handle many image update (e.g. Build servers or test systems that see more frequent deploys). Logs For production clusters, Docker recommends aggregating container logs using a logging driver or other third party service. Only the json-file (and possibly journald) log drivers cause container logs to accumulate on nodes, and in that case, care should be taken to rotate or remove old container logs.
See for details. Docker Engine logs are stored on worker and manager nodes. The amount of Engine logs generated varies with workload and engine settings. For example, debug log level causes more logs to be written. Engine logs should be managed (compacted and eventually deleted) with a utility like. Overlay Networking and Routing Mesh Docker EE ships with a built-in, supported overlay networking driver for multi-host networking for use with Docker Swarm.
Overlay networking incurs overhead associated with encapsulating network traffic and with managing IP addresses and other metadata that tracks networked tasks and services. Docker EE customers that have apps with very network high-throughput requirements or workloads that are extremely dynamic (high-frequency cluster or service updates) should consider minimizing reliance on the out-of-the-box Docker overlay networking and routing mesh. There are several ways to do that:. Use instead of routing mesh. Use the, which may have better performance than the default driver.
Use a non-Docker service discovery mechanism (like Consul). Consider using dnsrr instead of vip service endpoints Overlay network size should not exceed /24 blocks (the default) with 256 IP addresses when networks are used by services created using VIP-based endpoint-mode (the default). Users should not work around this by increasing the IP block size. Instead, either use dnsrr endpoint-mode or use multiple smaller overlay networks. Also be aware that Docker EE may experience IP exhaustion if many tasks are assigned to a single overlay network, for example if many services are attached to that network or if services on the network are scaled to many replicas. The problem may also manifest when tasks are rescheduled because of node failures.
In case of node failure, Docker currently waits 24 hours to release overlay IP addresses. The problem can be diagnosed by looking for failed to allocate network IP for task messages in the Docker daemon logs. HTTP Routing Mesh Docker Enterprise Edition with Universal Control Plane come with a built-in feature.
HTTP Routing Mesh adds some overhead from extra network hops and routing control and should only be used for managing networking for externally exposed services. For networking and routing between services hosted on Docker, simply use the standard built-in Docker overlay networking for best performance. Docker Trusted Registry This section covers configuration of Docker Trusted Registry for scale and performance.
Storage Driver Docker Trusted Registry supports a. For scaling purposes, backend types can be classified either as filesystem-based (NFS, bind mount, volume) or cloud/blob-based (AWS S3, Swift, Azure Blob Storage, Google Cloud Storage). For some uses, cloud/blob-based storage are more performant than filesystem-based storage.
This is because DTR can redirect layer GET requests from clients directly to the backing store. By doing this the actual image contents being pulled by Docker clients won't have to transit through DTR but can be fetched directly by Docker clients from the backing store (once metadata has been fetched and credentials checked by DTR).
When using filesystem-based storage (like NFS), ensure that DTR performance is not constrained by infrastructure. Common bottlenecks include host network interface cards, the load balancer deployed with DTR, throughput (IOPS) and latency of the backend storage system, and the CPU/memory of the DTR replica hosts.
Docker has tested DTR performance and determined that it can handle in excess of 1400 concurrent pulls of 1 GB container images using NFS-backed storage with 3 replicas. Total Storage The best way to understand future total image storage requirements is to gather and analyze the following data:. Average image size. Frequency of image updates/pushes. Average size of image update size (considering that many images may share common base layers). Retention policies and requirements for storing old image artifacts Use Docker Trusted Registry in combination with scripts or other automation that delete old images (using the ) to keep storage use in check.
Storage Performance The Docker Trusted Registry write-load is likely to be high when many developers or build machines are pushing images to DTR at the same time. Read-load is likely to be high when a new image version is pushed to DTR and is then deployed to a large Docker EE cluster with many instances that are all pulling the updated image. If the same DTR cluster instance is used for both developer/build-server artifact storage and for production image artifact storage for a large production Docker EE UCP cluster, the DTR cluster instances will experience both high write and read load. For very large deployments consider using two (or more) DTR clusters - one focused on supporting developers and build-servers writing images and another one that can handle very high instantaneous read loads generated by production deployments.
When estimating DTR performance requirements, consider average image and image update sizes, how many developers and build machines will be pushing and pulling from your DTR setup, and how many production nodes will concurrently pull updated images during deploys. Ensure that you have enough DTR instances and that your backing storage has enough read and write throughput to handle peak load. To increase image pull throughput, consider using as an alternative to adding more replicas. Replica Count Docker Trusted Registry maintains a quorum of replicas that store metadata about repos, images, tags, and other DTR objects. 3 replicas is the minimum number of replicas for a highly available deployment.
1-replica deployments should only be used for testing and experimentation. When using multiple DTR replicas, so that requests are distributed to all DTR replicas. A DTR cluster with 5 or 7 replicas may take longer to commit metadata updates (such as image pushes or tag updates) than one with 3 replicas because it takes longer for updates to propagate with a larger quorum.
If using, note that DTR will run at most one concurrent scan per DTR replica. Adding more DTR replicas (or changing to replicas with faster hardware) will increase DTR scanning throughput. Note that DTR does not currently re-scan stored images when the vulnerability database is updated. Backlogs of queued scans are most likely to result from lots of images being updated. In summary, you may want to consider using more than 3 DTR replicas to achieve:.
Peak image push/pull throughput on NFS-based setups in excess of what 3 replicas can handle. More than 3 concurrent image vulnerability scans. Durability in case of more than 1 instantaneous DTR replica failure Metadata Size and Cluster Operations Docker Trusted Registry stores metadata about repos, images, tags, and other objects in a database (user data is maintained by Universal Control Plane). You can determine the size of the DTR database by checking the size of the /data directory in the dtr-rethink container. The time required to complete DTR cluster operations such as replica-join, backup, and restore is determined by the amount of metadata held by DTR.
Cluster Size If you're planning a large Docker EE deployment that's going to be used by multiple groups or business units, you should consider whether to run a single cluster or multiple clusters (e.g. One for each business unit). Both are valid options, but you will typically get greater benefits from consolidation by using just one or a few clusters. Docker Enterprise Edition has strong, including assigning collections of worker nodes to only run tasks and services created by specific teams. Using these features with a single - or a few - clusters, will let multiple business units or groups use Docker Enterprise Edition without the overhead of configuring and operating multiple clusters.
Even so, there might be good reasons to use multiple clusters:. Stages: Even for smaller deployments it is a good idea to have separate non-production and production clusters. This allows critical changes and updates to be tested in isolation before deploying in production. More granular segmentation can be done if there are many stages (Test, QA, Staging, Prod, etc).
Team or Application separation: Docker EE allow multiple apps to be safely run in the same cluster, but more stringent security requirements may necessitate separate clusters. Region: Regional redundancy, compliance laws, or latency can all be reasons to segment workloads into multiple clusters.
The same concerns apply when planning how many DTR clusters to use. Note that Docker EE with Universal Control Plane and DTR are currently, although multiple UCP clusters can share a single DTR cluster with some feature limitations. Summary Planning your Docker EE deployment with scaling in mind will help maintain optimal performance, adequate disk space, and more as workloads grow. It will also allow you to perform upgrades with little to no downtime. While using this guide to plan and architect large-scale Docker Enterprise Edition deployments, also consider the recommendations in.